Psilocybe cyanescens grow primarily on wood chips, especially in and along the perimeter of mulched plant beds in urban areas. It can also grow on other lignin-rich substrates. They do not grow on substrates that are not lignin-rich. Fruitings have been reported in natural settings previously, although most appear to be migrations from mulched plant beds. This species does not typically grow on mulch made from bark.In the United States, it mainly grows in the Pacific Northwest, stretching south to the San Francisco Bay Area. It can also be found in areas such as New Zealand, Western Europe, Central Europe, and parts of West Asia (Iran). The range in which it occurs is rapidly expanding, especially in areas where it is not native, as the use of mulch to control weeds has been popularized. This rapid expansion of range may be due in part to its mycelium having colonized the distribution network of woodchip suppliers and then being distributed on a large scale all over the world. It has been documented to fruit in Spring on the East Coast of the United States.It has been speculated that the native habitat may have been the coniferous woodlands of the northwestern United States or coastal dunes in the PNW. The type specimen was described from mulch beds in Kew Gardens, and there is no widely accepted explanation of the original habitat. Fruiting is dependent on a drop in temperature. This means that fruiting typically occurs between late October and February, and fruiting in other areas generally occur in the fall when temperatures are between 10-18 °C or 50-65 °F. Psilocybe cyanescens often fruits in many numbers or in small clusters, sometimes in really big numbers. 100,000 P. cyanescens fruits were once found growing on a racetrack in the south of England. Solitary fruits are sometimes also found.

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